The Declaration of Independence is in fact the foundation of our country and of the people of the United States of America. It outlines and declares the bases for individual Rights which are Laws that any and all governments occupying this country must obey absolutely. Further Rights which are laws were laid down in the Bill of Rights. It is these Inalienable Rights and absolute laws that are the core of this country, not democracy; for total democracy is total socialism; for what good is individual Rights when you can simply vote them away ?! Those people who attempt to influence others into believing that the Fore Fathers created these Rights to change with the times are fools; and greater fools are those who listen. As our Fore Fathers knew, as does any intelligent man know and affirm, that nothing in this world ever really changes, and that certain Inalienable Rights were and are necessary to protect and enforce individual freedoms. The Civil Defense Foundation proudly presents this document no American should be without. Please Copy it.

The Bible of American Freedom,

The Declaration of Independence:

The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America, in Congress, July 4, I776. The Oregon Patriot Party presents this side by side reference to the plain meanings within this document which are ever increasingly being ignored by our government. Words and their meanings have been presented as well as factual references and insights. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. The document begins by acknowledging there will be times when it will be necessary for a people to break away from a form of government. To assume the powers of an independent nation and people. To become and be respected as an equal nation. That it is a natural succession entitled to them by the laws of nature and of God. That with respect to views and opinions of all mankind they believe it decent and a self imposed requirement that they present the reasons for which they feel it necessary to separate from their home country. The Right to Separate.   We hold these truths to be self-evident: truths  1. Conformity to fact or actuality.  2. A statement proven to be or accepted as true. self-evident  1. Requiring no proof or explanation.    That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. certain:  1. Definite; fixed.  2. Sure to come or happen; inevitable.  3. Established beyond doubt or question; indisputable. inalienable: 1. That cannot be transferred to another or others. right: 1. Conforming with or conformable to justice, law, or . morality.  2. In accordance with fact, reason, or truth; correct. among these: Meaning that there are more inalienable rights than are being immediately mentioned. The opposite meanings of those 40 Grievances presented in this document which define what freedom is not are also inalienable rights. These Grievances are listed  further below; Later, the Bill of Rights outlined more of these inalienable rights. (The Bill of Rights are derived from early individual rights established in England but expanded to true and greater defined absolute rights in America). Life: To live where and how one wants to live so long as it does not physically injure another person. Liberty: 1. a. The condition of being free from restriction or control. b. The right and power to act, believe, or express oneself in a manner of one's own choosing. c. The condition of being physically and legally free from confinement, servitude, or forced labor. 2. Freedom from unjust or undue governmental control. 3. A right and power to engage in certain actions without control or interference. pursuit: a. The act or an instance of chasing or pursuing. b. The act of striving. c. An activity, such as a vocation or hobby, engaged in regularly.   That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; Our Government is created to protect these rights. That any power a government has is there only with the consent of the people. This does not give the people or the government the power to change or abolish inalienable rights which cannot be given away, taken away or transferred.   that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Should the government try to alter or destroy any inalienable rights, it is the right of the people, any one or number of people *, to alter or abolish that government and create a new government that respects those inalienable rights; Rights which make a government ask consent of the governed for which this right of altercation or abolishment is granted. They are describing here why they are separating and setting the stage for that what it is that will be most likely to effect their safety and happiness. alter 1. To change or make different; modify. abolish 1. To do away with; annul. 2. To destroy completely. * Note that only 38 Patriot villagers ran out and faced the largest government in the world at that time; facing 700 British Regulars across Lexington Bridge. Of the 38, 8 died and 9 were wounded. The British under direction of General Gage then went on to destroy citizens militia supplies at Concord. Neither the British Government at that time nor our own Federal government likes armed civilians equal to the strength of the standing army. Yet, this is the reason for the 12th Grievance which defines the 2nd Amendment - see below. 14 of Gages men were lost in the following skirmishes after the supplies were destroyed at Concord. Farmers everywhere though outnumbered took to their guns and chased after the British who were reinforced by 1200 more men and field pieces (cannon) and the battle intensified until the British found safe haven in Charlestown. The British suffering 247 casualties to the Colonists 88. True Patriotism is not defined in numbers but in those who will to defend Certain, Inalienable, Rights.   Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. Much consideration should be taken before changing a government that has been in existence for a long time; and never changed for causes that are unimportant or that will change easily with time. History has shown that man is willing to be beat down a long time with regulations and abusive laws of a government before they get mad enough to to take steps to change it; or courage enough to fight and overthrow it. This is because they become accustomed to the misuse, rendering themselves lazy, unfocussed and passive.   But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suffering of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government However, when after many abuses have been suffered which indicates that such a government will continue to misuse its powers and ignore those inalienable rights and rule with oppressive power. It is each individual's or group of individuals RIGHT and DUTY to over throw that government and to create safeguards to protect themselves from the same misuse occurring in the future. This includes the Federal Government and Constitution if it becomes degraded to a point that is contrary to the Declaration of Independence which is the lone document that defines freedom. Thousands died for this document alone; no one died to ratify the Constitution. Also, the Constitution would have never been ratified without the Bill of Rights that are the ``Among These" defined in the Declaration of Independence defining ``Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness. usurp (usurpations) 1. To seize and hold (the power or rights of another, for example) by force and without legal authority. 2. To take over or occupy without right. 3. To seize another's place, authority, or possession wrongfully. evinces: To show or demonstrate clearly; manifest. despot or despotism 1. A ruler with absolute power. 2. A person or government who wields power oppressively, 3. A tyrant or those collectively with unlimited power or authority. 4. Any Tyrannical control. Our countries reasons for seeking independence.   The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. *** Although the following complaints by the Colonies were aimed toward the king of England, you can see that some of the problems they faced then are not so unlike the problems we are facing right now with an oppressive federal government. Remember, it doesn't matter what a controlling oppressing power is; as it can be a king, a dictator, a bureaucracy, "any government", any form of oppressive power. Foreign policy, immigration and foreign armed forces not so unlike the U.N. (united nations), Federal armed forces and civil militias are also easily related in the Grievances and described clearly.  *** Below we have offered correlation's between what was then a reason to become independent and present day problems needed to be corrected. We have numbered the reasons for ease of reference.   1.) To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. THE 40 GRIEVANCES 1.) Here again our founding fathers are proposing to set down laws that will be wholesome and necessary for the public good. wholesome: 1. Conducive to sound health or well-being; salutary. 2. Promoting mental, moral, or social health. 3. Enjoying or marked by physical, mental, or moral soundness; healthy. necessary: 1. Absolutely essential. 2. Needed to achieve a certain result or effect; requisite. 3.a. Unavoidably determined by prior conditions or circumstances; inevitable. b. Logically inevitable. 4. Required by obligation, compulsion, or convention 5. Something indispensable.   2.) He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained, and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 2.) Here we have been given an example of local governments whose serious immediate needs are being ignored or suspended by a higher oppressive power until that power gives its approval. States Rights and Local Rights to Pass Local Laws are an Inalienable Right.   3.) He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 3.) Here the king try's to keep any opposition to his rule by only allowing people into its domain if they give up their right to have representation in the legislature or voice in the law making process. Zoning is another way of refusing accommodation of large districts of people and is completely against the rights of the people who have a right to build and live where they wish. Another reason that our Rights cannot be given up or even given or traded away! inestimable: 1. Impossible to estimate or compute. 2. Of immeasurable value or worth; invaluable.   4.) He has called together legislative bodies, at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 4.) The reason for have law libraries and places of records in every major city. However, there are federal records for federal agencies that are almost impossible to access freely or obtain cost effectively: the Bureau of Land Management among others who's records you have to ask them to get for you so you must know exactly what you are looking for; and are unable to research all copies of their records freely. An agency that needs to be disolved anyway and lands given to each states local county control.   5.) He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.  5.) Here the king try's to keep people from organizing and representing themselves against him for his actions against the peoples rights by using force. This is another reason why civilians in this country have a right to keep and bear arms and why the civilian army needs to always be of greater strength than the standing army. (continue reading for this absolute fact and prescription written as a grievance the 12th Grievance in the Declaration of Independence)   6.) He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise: the state remaining, in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. 6.) Basically, after such dissolving of representatives, the king delays the election of others, meanwhile those powers or laws they wish to have removed, changed or be protected from, return to take what they want from them (convulsions from within); and kept from any representation through the legislative process to receive adequate protection from their enemies (invasion from without). The reason for the 12th Grievance and 2nd Amendment.   7.) He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 7.) Here the king tries to keep people out of this country and from entering the states by not granting naturalization and raising the cost and creating costly and difficult procedures or conditions to obtain land or properties.    This is an absolute statement denying the right of the king to keep people from migrating to this country     It is also just one more reason why Zoning of land which restrict the liberty of building and living where one wishes is unconscionable and unconstitutional. It is regulation that keeps jobs from this country, not immigration. Lift all zoning and there would be no unemployment. hither 1. To or toward this place. 2. —idiom. hither and thither or hither and yon. In or to many places; here and there. Note: Building codes for publicly owned buildings and Emission controls for companies whose pollution leaves its property into the public would not be restricted from being laws regulating them. This is an area of special consideration which will be addressed at length later on in this web site where we discuss where Rights of one are not Rights to encroach upon another.   8.) He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing his judiciary powers. 8.) Simply, the king refused to agree to anyone creating laws that would establish any kind of guidelines or firm rules to his powers.  assent  1. Agreement; concurrence.  2. Acquiescence; consent. (*** a word used later below)  3. To agree, as to a proposal; concur.   9.) He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. 9.) Self explanatory. He controlled all judges by controlling their salaries. Appointed judges can face similar biases if they are appointed. However, if they are educated in both law and the laws of freedom as presented by the founding fathers in the Declaration of Independence, such biases should be very limited by just reasoning.   10.) He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 10.) Here the king has created massive bureaucracy just as we see in our country today. Offices we do not need. Enforcing laws on us we don't need; And ``eating out our substance", our hard earned money, to pay for their high salaries, insurance, dental, doctor and retirement! Then they have the gall to ask for fees for their services! But for the armed forces, police and fire. All else is welfare, should be paid accordingly and limited to four years service to the public. They would then have that training to use toward work and position in the private work place.  *** This is why we need to put a freeze on government employee hiring and begin shifting jobs from nonessential government offices to essential government offices as openings become available. *** At the same time, declare Zoning, as it is in fact, unconstitutional. This will open the way for private jobs through private enterprise.         11.) He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. 11.) This is not an issue in our country but for the lack of local control over federal policing agencies by local legislature. It does cement the fact that Federalism was hated by the original founders. The "federalists" created, after freedom was won for free and independent states, a condition that was sure to create the very same problematic issues of a large central government they had just wrestled freedom from. Only later was federalism ``debated" by a few who forgot what they fought against to gain their freedom. Legislatures were independent of the kings court and independent of each state or area.  This (local control) desperately needed now would reduce some public tensions from unwarranted federal policing tactics which should be left outside our country for socialists, communists and other enemies to a free society.   12.) He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.  12.) Here is a powerful statement of our Fore Fathers that the civil power should be equal to or greater than the military powers. Most importantly, it defines the difference of the two. This can be no plainer. Lets look at what these words mean. civil:  1. Of, relating to, or befitting a citizen or citizens. 2. Of or relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with the state. 3. Of ordinary citizens or ordinary community life as distinguished from the military or the ecclesiastical. 4. Of or in accordance with organized society; civilized. 5. Sufficiently observing or befitting accepted social usage's; not rude. 6. Being in accordance with or denoting legally recognized divisions of time. 7. Law. Relating to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished from criminal, military, or international regulations or proceedings. militia - Civil Power: 1. An army composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers. (i.e. CIVIL POWER) 2. A military force that is not part of a regular army and is subject to call for service in an emergency. 3. The whole body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service. (not applicable as all service at the time was voluntary - one should note that any just war will have many volunteers. Abraham Lincoln was the fist to impose a draft and hundreds of people were hung in the streets in protest. The fact is that slavery was the only thing that the south was wrong in, the war was actually fought to assure northern industry could not be regulated, out competed or restricted by southern states in commerce. The Declaration of Independence guarantees Free and Independent States. The war would have been won by the south had not the draft be implemented. This is no glaring approval to federalism of which dangers presented in the federalist papers are now coming true.) Note: Because the national guard is controlled by the federal government and paid as a reserve force it is not a civil power as defined or practiced. It is an extension of the standing army. military - Standing Army 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of members of the armed forces. 2. Performed or supported by the armed forces. 3. Of or relating to war. 4. Of or relating to land forces. 5. Armed forces. 6. Members, especially officers, of an armed force.     13.) He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: 13.) Here the king has joined with others to place the colonists under the jurisdiction of those he has conspired with.  This makes it very clear that no laws but our own shall govern our country. And that States (colonies) rights they possessed not be subject to far removed powers.  Laws imposed on the United States by any UN charters are unconstitutional and directly in conflict with the Declaration of Independence.   14.) For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; 14.) Self explanatory. Remember, these were British citizens whose own government placed a standing army among the citizenry. This was a reason to over throw their government. Think about this, then read the 12th grievance again. This further defines the rights of individual citizens to be in their right to keep and bear arms equal to the standing army.   15.) For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states; 15.) The reason for crimes against civilians by government or military personnel to be placed in local civil courts and tried by civilians. Not military courts.   16.) For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; 16.) Affirms free trade.   17.) For imposing taxes on us without our consent; 17.) Meaning: The Government cannot tax us unless we agree to be taxed.  ``No taxation without representation". (Do not confuse representatives - persons - with that which is representative of that which is purchased with peoples consent. Remember, the colonists had British "representatives" who made decisions for them; this is what they fought against. This is a inalienable right as it is one of the original ``Bill of Rights"; and cannot be changed. The 16th amendment of the Constitution is in violation of the original constitution and the 17th Grievance of the Declaration of Independence.   You cannot amend an inalienable right; and representation does not mean a representative as an individual, it means representation of the need.    General funds are unconstitutional as they do not pertain to a specific purpose which has been dedicated by the people themselves by vote.    This is why a general percentage tax derived from income, property or sales is unconstitutional.    It makes it impossible to stop collecting when funds for a particular need are satisfied; and creates a bureaucracy that expends more money just to return over taxation back to the people.... If your ``representitives decide to give you back your money; or throw it back into a ``general fund" to spend when and where they want.    This last problem is what expands bureaucracies and dependencies of people upon government money, and should be stopped for it is unconstitutional and extremely damaging to freedom and the country.. (see Patriot Tax)   18.) For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of trial by jury; 18.) Self explanatory. (see constitution for jury of peers encroachment) There are so many unconstitutional laws pertaining to private property that courts have become clogged with petty infractions to laws which should never have been laws in the first place. The biggest infraction is one person telling another what he should or shouldn't do with his own property. Because of this clogging of unnecessary laws, the courts have began developing ways for people to wave their right to a jury by trial to cut costs. This practice is beginning to work itself into the entire legal system. (i.e. small claims court, traffic violations etc.) This is a dangerous practice which could be greatly alleviated by reducing petty laws and presenting laws that address only real crimes and not perceived ones. In a free country you cannot wave, sell or trade away rights. Rights are certain and inalienable.   19.) For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses; 19.) Self explanatory. Not an issue at this time. A danger if UN charters impose laws on our country as well as other countries.   20.) For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; 20.) Bureaucracies such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) as well as other large federal bureaucracies present powers within themselves. BLM now possesses armed rangers as well as legal enforcement of their own laws. They also have their own Hearings and Appeals court in Virginia that proceeds all other courts pertaining to their laws and issues of property within their jurisdiction. Most recently this particular bureaucracy is being used as a major tool to expand even greater control over Federal lands through so called environmental protection causes . 21.) For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments; 21.) Self explanatory. Inalienable Rights... which are Laws, our most valuable laws, are even now being abolished and altered. This is Treason by any who involves themselves in enforcing laws that ignore, over ride or water down inalienable rights. Our present federal government is constantly altering fundamentally the form of our government. They simply refuse to realize that freedom works.   22.) For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 22.) A problem where Federal Government tries to impose powers over State, County or City jurisdictions. Though there has been no case of suspending our state legislatures, the federal government uses federally collected tax money to ``bribe" i.e. ``if you don't do what we want, you won't receive matching federal funds" another reason not to have taxes given without a particular reason or representative of exactly what it should be spent for"; In this way the federal government would have nothing by which to bribe local governments.   23.) He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. 23.) Self explanatory abdicate 1. To relinquish (power or responsibility) formally. To relinquish formally a high office or responsibility.   24.) He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns and destroyed the lives of our people. 24.) Self explanatory. Notice the didn't call them terrorists. They later called them enemies and left it at that; `At war enemies in peace friends'. We should learn by this. Trying to sell a new definition of enemy such as `terrorism' is a ploy to take more rights away from free citizens. Its only reason is to step around laws which normally restrict governments from invading the rights of its citizens.   25.) He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the work of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 25.) A reason to never allow foreign armies jurisdiction, for any cause, over, or occupation within, our lands; namely at this time the UN, property ownership of US lands by individuals not of US citizenship (renewable leases that are revocable in time of war and subject to US interest laws would be acceptable but absolutely no foreign or U.N or other country's military bases)   26.) He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive upon the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands; 26.) No military should take up arms against its own people. No man should be pressed into service. A just war will find many volunteers. The UN as it stands, can be used against its own people and is the reason it should be disarmed and merely a room where nations debate real problems and for which each nation will act on there own sovereign interests. This is also another reason for the citizenry to have equal or greater arms than the standing army as is defined in the 12th grievance.   27.) He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.  27.) Self explanatory. *Government should not sell (promote) its worth, or need of their services to us or others sympathetic to that which insures their employment.  We have fallen into the same method of warfare due to modern warfare weapons and tactics. Again, notice we did not redefine an enemy by calling them terrorists.   28.) In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms; 28.) Self explanatory. We also present these to the Federal Government.   29.) our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.   29.) Self explanatory.       30.) A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.   30.) Defines character as a very important factor in the leadership of a free people. 31.) Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 31.) Self explanatory. Here many people just want to be left alone by an imposing federal government of today which increasingly places burdens on the people that it now extracts tax money from without their permission - the reason for the 17th Grievance.   32.) We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 32.) The reason this web site is created. To educate and indeed warn both local, state and federal governments that they have been overstepping the laws that they have sworn to uphold; so they can make the changes that is their right and duty to make; individually or collectively. That is: to throw out all laws not aligned with the grievances and rights of the Declaration of Independence imposing regulations.  The excuse of just doing ones job is no excuse to ignore ones duty to his country. If you know something to be adverse to the original Grievances, work to remove it; which is your individual  RIGHT and your DUTY.  ***Also - To make the UN simply a room for which independent countries can talk freely; nothing more; and having no separate military or jurisdictive powers over other countries. This will keep any foreign, and indeed unwarrantable jurisdiction away from our free country.   33.) We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.   33.) Self explanatory. 34.) We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.   34.) Self explanatory. 35.) They, too. have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. 35.) Self explanatory. consanguinity: 1. Of the same lineage or origin; having a common ancestor.    36.) We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war - in peace, friends.   36.) Self explanatory. Establishes the right to separate from any government. 37.) We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states;   37.) Self explanatory. Supreme Judge of the World: God Free and Independent states. Are you deaf ???  38.) that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved;   38.) Self explanatory. 39.) and that as free and independent states they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do.   39.) Self explanatory. Free and Independent States. Are you deaf ???  40.) And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. (Click here to See just what many of these men Sacrificed). 40.) ...our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.  They relied upon God for its success. Those who signed this document risked everything, many of these men did give up their lives and fortunes as they pledged for freedom. To find out what became of them and just what many of these men Sacrificed.. Click here    Signed by order and in behalf of the Congress.  JOHN HANCOCK, President. Attested, Charles Tomson, Secretary.     New Hampshire: Josiah Bartiett. William Whipple. Matthew Thornton.     Massachusetts Bay: Samuel Adams. John Adams. Robert Treat Paine. Elbridge Gerry.     Rhode Island, Etc.: Stephen Hopkins. William Ellery.     Connecticut: Roger Sherman. Samuel Huntington. William Williams. Oliver Wolcott.     New York: William Floyd. Philip Livingston. Francis Lewis. Lewis Morris.   New Jersey: Richard Stockton. John Witherspoon. Francis Hopkinson. John Hart. Abraham Clark.   Delaware: Caesar Rodney. George Read. Thomas McKean.           Pennsylvania: Robert Morris. Renjamin Rush. Benjamin Franklin John Morton. George Clymer. James Smith. George Taylor James Wilson. George Ross.     Maryland: Samuel Chase. William Paca. Thomas Stone. Charles Carroll of Carrollton.     Virginia: George Wythe. Richard Henry Lee. Thomas Jefferson. Benjamin Harrison. Thomas Nelson, Jr. Francis Lightfoot Lee. Carter Braxton.     North Carolina: William Hooper. Joseph Hewes. John Penn.     South Carolina: Edward Rutledge. Thomas Heyward, Jr. Thomas Lynch, Ir. Arthur Middleton.   Georgia: Button Gwinnett. Lyman Hall. George Walton.

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